Monday, June 2, 2014

Beyond Market Fundamentalism: The Climate War Requires Public Purpose and Investment

There was a time when we met overarching challenges with bold public purpose and concerted action as “we the people.” 

When the Depression hit, we created large public works projects, building roads, airports and power dams. 

When murderous tyranny threatened the world, we became the arsenal of democracy and won World War II. 

When Europe was sinking in post-war turmoil, we staged the Marshall Plan to rebuild the continent. 

When John Kennedy set a target to reach the Moon in a decade, we assembled the resources and will and made it happen. 

Then, in the 1980s something happened.  We stopped believing in acting together in the common interest.  With Ronald Reagan in the US and Margaret Thatcher in the UK, we turned to the “magic of the marketplace.”    In the public policy arena, market tools were conceived to be superior to direct actions by governments.  Government was the problem, not the solution, said Ronnie.  Bill Clinton echoed him in the 1990s when he said the era of big government is over. 

Marketplace mysticism infused both parties, not to mention the environmental movement, where MAs and PhDs with expertise in “neoclassical economics” were avidly sought to develop market tools that would reflect environmental costs and “right price” everything.  Market fundamentalism won the day.

Thus the climate movement is possessed with near theological discussions about which market tool is better.  Is it a straight-up carbon tax, or should we create a carbon cap, auctioning permits to pollute and allowing polluters to buy carbon emissions reductions in a trading marketplace?  Ideally seeking the lowest-cost carbon reductions possible. 

What is lost in the discussion is how we actually met challenges on the order of global warming and climate change in the past, challenges which require the creation of new technologies and industries. Market fundamentalism conceives new innovations and industries to rise magically out of properly adjusted market systems.  Build the incentives and they will come.  A study of economic history shows it just ain’t so.  

The digital computing industry did not start with guys in garages in the 1970s, but with huge investments by the military and then the space program from World War II through the Cold War.  Long before Bill Gates and Steven Jobs came the Department of War-funded ENIAC, the world’s first digital computer, in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania.  From IBM to the predecessors of today’s microchip industry, government-funded research and contracts founded later commercial success. Military and space purchases of costly integrated circuits paved the way for cheap mass computing.

Aerospace likewise rose out of concerted public investments driven by national security needs.  For instance, Boeing built the Boeing 707 jetliner on an airframe designed as the KC-135 air tanker. Before 1955 the company drew over 99 percent of its income from the U.S. Department of Defense.  The telecommunication story is the same, with microwave transmission, communications satellites and fiber optics rising out of federal research and investments.  Even the fossil fuel fracking revolution grew out of decades of public R&D funding. Earlier examples of industry creation include the land and cash grants to the first transcontinental rail lines, and the U.S. Navy’s deliberate creation of an American steel industry to build its new steel fleet in the 1880s. 

Public investment is needed to nurture new technologies through early stages, when investments are not likely to produce immediate returns. If one private party takes the research and development risks, others might share the rewards by reverse engineering new technologies and adopting them as their own.  In economics this is known as the free rider problem.  So the public must assume the risks.  Then when technologies move from R&D to early production, costs are high until economies of scale and learning curves bring them down.   So public support in the form of guaranteed markets for expensive early stage products is crucial. 

Carbon pricing and caps can be a useful supplement to public investment in creating new technologies and industries.  But to win the climate war we need to recall how we succeeded in other great struggles.  By “we the people” acting together in the common good and directly investing in creating the technologies and industries we need to win.  We did it in the past.  We can do it again. 


4 comments:

  1. All really true. Have you come across The Entrepreneurial State, by the Italian economist Mariana Mazzzucato? www.amazon.com/Entrepreneurial-State-Debunking-Innovation-Economics-ebook/dp/B00APDTQRA And she addresses climate change and the green economy. Great ammunition for smart debating.

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    1. You raise excellent points. I feel that the public banking option needs to be seriously examined. It enables municipalities to set up a banking structure that keeps tax revenue capitalizing local economic activity. The best assessment of what has been happening during the whole hydrocarbon epoch was last night's episode of COSMOS on National Geographic Channel with Neil deGrasse Tyson. Aside from an astounding account of the opportunities that were developed to use solar power a 100 years ago, and other amazing facts, the show also provided a quiet unspoken inference of what is needed - a vision for regreening all the arid regions of the world. The link to this eposide is http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/cosmos-a-spacetime-odyssey/episodes/the-world-set-free/.

      I would like to link your essay to the Canada Chapter of the Public Banking Institute at "canadachapterpbi.ca".

      Thanks very much for raising these essential arguments.

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    2. Please to link my essay.

      You are spot on with the focus on banking. Meeting the climate and sustainability challenges are so much about where money is invested. I plan to blog on that. So public banks, green banks, and all ways for the public to reclaim capital and invest it for the common good are a key part of the picture.

      Re-greening. Yes! We will not stabilize the climate without reducing CO2 to at least 350 parts per million, 50 over where it is now, and more to come. Hansen says we need to bring 100 billion tonnes of carboin out of the atmosphere into trees, plants and soils. Along with capping overall human carbon emissions at 500 billion tonnes. That gives us only around 130 to go, so we need that solar.

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  2. Great hearing from you, old co-author. I'll check it out.

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